Patent And Trade Secret Protection - 1198 Words

When issuing a compulsory license, the effect is to exempt the user who produces the patented substance or uses technology from liability of infringement. If a patentee applies for a patent for a newly discovered or an alienated substance, or a synergy of entities, she is not required to disclose the â€Å"know-how† to the public. Therefore, she can retain the information undisclosed as trade secrets. Ordinarily, companies use patent and trade secret protection together in a synergistic manner to enhance exclusivity as a common strategy. As a result, if the user of a compulsory license does not comprehend the know-how, then the production of the final product would eventually come to naught. Under the situation of a†¦show more content†¦Nonetheless, arbitrariness is inevitable due to analytical difficulties faced by examiners and courts. Without setting up a utility model, examiners and courts are plagued by hindsight bias in the U.S., let alone to say having a sub -requirement as such. Section 3(d) of the IPA is also designed to narrow the scope of patent protection, notwithstanding it has a definite goal — preventing evergreening. Section 3(d) also utilizes an explanatory note to delimitate special conditions of nowadays pharmaceutical practices. This thesis considers an explanatory note is a workable solution to comply with the non-discrimination obligation under article 27.1 of the TRIPS. 2. The Capability of the Patent Office The Indian Patent Office (IPO) has full authority under law to determine what is patentable and what should be excluded from patentability if the condition set in section 3(d) is met. Owing to no patents granted to pharmaceutical substances before the amendments coming into effect, the Indian Patent Office received 8,926 mailbox applications prior to January 1, 2005. For the blank period of no protection for nearly 35 years, the capability of the IPO examiners to review and evaluate efficacy data was inShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Australian Patent Procedure1414 Words   |  6 PagesAustralian Patent Procedure Patenting a product will take a lot of time, effort and resources but by patenting your invention, it will give you long-term protection and control over your invention and would be able to gain beneficial economic value in return as well as monopolize your invention on the selected market. Standard patent will protect your invention up to 20 years from the date you complete your application. Provisional Before you can commercialize your product there will be certainRead MoreIntellectual Property And The Copyright Act Of 19761688 Words   |  7 Pagescompetitive advantage and attracts the attention of other business partners and investors (Lee, 2016). With such importance, it is necessary for the law to protect these ideas from being used by unauthorized individuals. To shield from this, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are used to protect the ownership of intellectual property (Legal Information Institute). A copyright gives the originator of literary, artistic, or music works the right to perform, publish, record, or print them. This canRead MoreChinese Foreign Trade Relations : Intellectual Property Enforcement Context1164 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Chinese Foreign Trade Relations: Intellectual Property Enforcement Context I. Introduction American businesses are losing up to an estimated $60 billion each year in the global market from intellectual property violations. The problem continues to grow as more American companies invest overseas, and more products consist of intangible or intellectual property. American companies face more than just economic challenges: if losses of intellectual property rights continue to go uncheckedRead MorePatents And The Patent Act Of 19521224 Words   |  5 PagesPatents Patents are government-granted, temporary rights to exclude, awarded in return for an individual’s disclosure of a new useful invention. Patents are granted by the USPTO and last for nonrenewable term of 20 years (Ferrera et al, 2012). Patents grant exclusive rights to exclude others from engaging in making, using, selling of patent products (O reilly, 2007). Online businesses must be aware of other’s patent rights even if they do not copy other companies’ business methods or technologiesRead MoreIntellectual Property And Technology : The Real World : Legal Matters Sweet As Candy1071 Words   |  5 Pagesunder seize by his competitors, specifically Mr. Slugworth, Mr. Fickelgruber, and Mr. Prodnose. Wonka went to extreme measures to ensure his trade secrets, creations, and technologies were kept safe from his competitors. The amount of effort put into protecting his secrets was incredibly overworked. The challenges Willy Wonka faced in protecting his secrets are literary example of the real world obstacles inventors face with their creations. In today’s technological society, many inventors contributingRead MoreIntellectual Property Protection and Enforcement Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped through an intellectual and creative processes. Intellectual property falls under the category of property known as intangible rights, which includes patents (inventions of processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter), copyrights (original artistic and literary works of), trademarks (commercial symbols), and trade secrets ((product formulas, patterns, designs). Intellectual property rights has a significant value to both individuals and businesses, providing in the case of largeRead MoreEssay On Patent Systems1342 Words   |  6 PagesRegulations (ACE 592) Juhi Tomar 1. Patent systems allows inventors all around the world to file and claim some form of intellectual property as their invention which gives them exclusive rights to make use of this property for a certain period of time (usually 20 years), after which it is available for public use. The inventor must release all details regarding the invention which are needed to utilize the property by experts/professionals in the field. The patent system gives rise to many economicRead MoreThe And The Industrial Revolutions1305 Words   |  6 Pagesintellectual property? Intellectual property or IP for short is creations of the mind, such as; inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, names and images used in commerce. Among these IP also includes trade secrets, patents, copyrights, and trademarks. IP and its protection are detrimental to the success of the economy. IPs are the innovations that drive the market forward and they are what created eras like the renaissance and the industrial revolutions. But nowadays it is a lot easierRead More Intellectual Property Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesproperty law include: patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret. Intellectual Property can be categorized under the following: Monopoly Right to prevent copying De Facto Monopoly Contractual Patents Unregistered Trade Marks Trade Secrets Confidential Information Registered Trade Marks Unregistered Designs Know-How Registered Design Copyright This essay focuses on Patents, Registered Designs, Unregistered Design Right and trademarks. A patent is needed to increaseRead MoreYou And Your Assistant Igor Have Just Created Frankenstein1419 Words   |  6 Pagesincluding reasons for selecting your choices and not selecting others. If I were to select an intellectual property protection for Frankenstein in order to protect it as valuable corporate asset, I would carefully analyze the costs and benefits of each form of protection and decide what type of intellectual property protection I want for my creation. I would like to file for a patent application with the government since it allows exclusive rights to the invention. It is a novel invention involving

Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck - 862 Words

Picking up the book â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck holds a different feel then putting it down. Leaving the reader pondering the true theme of the story. A tale among two friends is the mindset most would assume before reading the book but digging deeper you start to realize the dark truth. The story starts with both Lenny who’s large and unaware of his own true strength and George who’s skinny and quick witted. The tale takes both characters and presents them with challenges. Lennie has a mild mental disability which often leads both of them into a lot of trouble. While George must take care of Lennie and always get him out of trouble. Two characters who travel together would be envisioned to be best pals but what awaits them is a rude awakening, George says â€Å"Lennie just come along with me out workin . Got kinda used to each other after a little while† (Steinbeck 3.12). However the story dives deeper than just Lennie and George after leaving a town called Weeds because Lennie was accused of rape. The two were forced to run away which lead them to a ranch where they meet a character named Candy. Candy is an old aging handyman who lost his hand due to an accident. The life on a farm is hard and it is represented through Candy, he says â€Å"A guy on a ranch don t never listen nor he don t ask no questions (Steinbeck 2.67). The isolation he is put through often makes him feel hopeless. The only hopes Candy had was in his dog and in the dreams of getting paradise withShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: I. Background A. John Steinbeck was born on February 27th, 1902 in Salinas, California. 1. Salinas River was one of the few centers for shipping, farming, and agriculture a. John Steinbeck worked as an employed laborer, digging canals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insaneRead MoreOf Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck842 Words   |  4 Pages it was not uncommon to become morosely secluded while working. Men would go far away from their families in search of any jobs they could get, with only themselves to confide in; colleagues only filling in the void of friends and family partially. Naturally, John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men, written during this period, would reflect this fact as a major aspect of the story. Loneliness would become the sinew of Of Mice and Men, manifested in some of the story’s main characters: Candy, CrooksRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthis expression to stress the fact that there are and will be difficulties in life. John Steinbeck, in his novella Of Mice and Men, does not fall short of the same views. It takes place in the year 1937, a period associated with the Great Depression, and illustrates the hardships of the time, and more so those that laborers such as George and Lennie experience. Life proves to be full of disappointments for both men who are victims of harsh circumstances in more ways than one. The two have a dreamRead MoreThe And Of Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1549 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will be exploring the role of women in the texts ‘DNA’ by Dennis Kelly and ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck. Both texts are quite dissimilar for the most part, with ‘DNA’ being a contemporary play, dealing with problems faced by modern youth groups and ‘Of Mice and Men’ being a classic novella. Set in the 1930’s, the novella tells a story of two migrant workers who flee to Salinas, California, for work. In spite of this, both explore the presentation of female characters similarlyRead MoreOf Mi ce And Men By John Steinbeck894 Words   |  4 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay John Steinbeck once said, â€Å"A journey is a person in itself; no two are alike. And all plans, safeguards, policing, and coercion are fruitless. We find that after years of struggle that we do not take a trip; a trip takes us†. In his novella, Of Mice and Men, two men go on an unexpected journey in search for their dream of happiness. There are many themes that come from their journey such as, the gilded American dream, the bond of male friendships, the power of women and femininityRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1433 Words   |  6 PagesI am writing a literary essay on the novella, Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. I will be responding to the question describe an important character and explain how the character helped you understand an important message. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck, two characters, Crooks and Curley’s wife, help me understand the message ‘Discrimination isolates people’. The book takes place in Soledad, California, mid 1930’s, during the Great Depression, at a time when discriminationRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1747 Words   |  7 Pages Of Mice and Men is a tragedy And The Pearl is a parable. Author s Name John Steinbeck -Title of Work #1: Of Mice and Men -Genre: Tragedy -Evidence of Genre (explain what makes the work an example of the genre): Tragedy is a branch of literature that uses a serious and dignified style the sad or unfortunate events encountered or caused by a heroic individual. In Of Mice and Men George and Lennie face a lot of tragic events. -Complete Summary of Work: Of Mice and Men is theRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, written by John Steinbeck, is set near the Salinas River in California, America during the Great Depression between 1930-1939. The Great Depression was a distressing time in the history of America as the unemployment rate was high which in turn led to poverty and hunger. During this time, many struggled to find work and this steered them to travel long distances, often without having anyone to talk to. Dreams were crafted by this travelling workforce and were somethingRead MoreMice Of Men By John Steinbeck785 Words   |  4 Pages It was an hopeless time period. For George in steinbeck s book mice of men by John Steinbeck,it was the great depression.This was a time period of a deep and dark economic downturn that affected the whole country. While the story focuses on George and Lennie s struggles through this hopeless time.They were best buds that got along great. They went to farm to farm as migrant works to get there pay. George had to take care of Lennie throughout the book and pick up the pieces, but lennie was a kindRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1400 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men, it is not just a band! Of Mice and Men was originally a short novel written by John Steinbeck in the 1930s. Regardless of the shortness in length, though, it is a rather deep and emotional book with quite a few messages behind the fictional storyline. These messages, however, cannot be discovered right off the bat. To genuinely absorb the messages Steinbeck teaches and actually understand the meaning behind them, one must read the book in its entirety. Steinbeck educates readers

Vietnam War Analysis Essay Example For Students

Vietnam War Analysis Essay To many, the Vietnam War symbolizes controversy, myth and question in America. There are many events that made Americans wonder what reasons we had for puttingour troops and families in Vietnam. Up till that point, many other Americans hadnever questioned the acts of the American government and armed forces. Issuesdealt with in the Vietnam War showed great impact on the American people,particularly the students. American involvement started off very low key. Twomarine battalions landed in Da Nang on March 8, 1965 (Doyle, Lipsman). They werenot fighting a war yet, though a war was going on in the very country that theywere in. Their job was to merely protect an air field in Da Nang, not look fortrouble or initiate any kind of war tactics. But soon, holding off the enemy wasnot so easy for the American soldiers, and more troops were sent in. Thiscontinued on, and when May rolled around there were 46,000 American Troops inVietnam (Doyle, Lipsman). It was at this time when American troops were thengiven the permit to use more active defense, and soon after, thenumb er soared to 82,000 American troops in Vietnam (Doyle, Lipsman). From there,the American defense quickly turned into an offense, and transportation flightsturned in to rescue missions. This was about the time that Americans at homebegan to become worried that the war in Vietnam was getting out of hand. Smallprotests broke out amongst college students across America, but these began tobecome very serious. On April 17, 1965 The Students for a Democratic Societyorganized a national protest on the steps of the capitol in Washington D.C. (Doyle, Lipsman). Television coverage enraged people by misleading facts anddisturbing war images of troops killing women and children. Frustration inAmerica grew and riots and protests got out of hand as no questions seemed to beanswered. Students protested and gathered, building rage against the warspurring events like the Kent State Massacre. The Kent State Massacre is namedafter a calm protest uprooted when guards killed and wounded students by openingfire on a mass of students as they gathered on the Kent State campus (Encarta). Events such as the Kent State Massacre enraged Americans more than ever causingviolent riots and outbreaks. Meanwhile, Americas position in Vietnam worsened. More and more were sent, and more and more troops were killed. Americas greatoffense was tattering down and guerrilla warfare on unfamiliar terrain hamperedsoldier performance. The war then quickly switched over and put more weight onair attacks and bomb raids. Helicopters became Americas best friend as theywere a brand new invention that had not previously seen much use. The helicoptermade landing and exiting in rough terrain easier than any other method seenbefore by the United States military. Other weaponry made its debut in theVietnam War. Spurred from the second world war, where tanks were introduced, theanti-tank missile launcher was a key weapon for all countries to develop. TheVietnam War was the first war that the anti-tank missile launcher waseffectively used. Standard guns also were changing; they become lighter inweight, more accurate, and able to function better with less maintenance andmalfunction. All of these new, and newly perfected, weapons made the Vietnam Waran u nfamiliar territory for everybody as the death toll soared through the roof. More troops were sent, more black troops. Racism raced through the veins of manywhite Americans at this time, and blacks still felt discriminated against by thegovernment and the people of America. All of this as more black troops werebeing put on the battle front to fight. Black gangs erupted and dodged thedraft, became violent, and held to one another very closely. This was the firstsign of gangs in America, as we see gangs today. Many black Americans did notunderstand why they were being force to fight and die for a country that hatedthem. They felt as if they were being sent in place of whites, but in fact only12.5% of all troops in Vietnam were black, and it was merle stretched facts andmedia influence that caused the black eruptions in America (Westmoreland, VHFCN). Basics of Genetics and Genetic Engineering EssayCohen, Steven. Anthology and guide to a television history. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, inc., 1983 Doyle, Edward, and Samual Lipsman. America Takes Over-TheVietnam Experience. Boston, MA: Boston Publishing Company, 1982. MicrosoftEncarta Complete Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia. Computer software. Microsoft, 1995. CD-ROM. Vietnam Helicopter Flight Crew Network. www.vhfcn.org. 2000. Westmoreland, General William C. Address. Third Annual Reunion of theVietnam Helicopter Pilots Association. Washington D.C., 5 July 1986. McCaffrey,Lieutenant General Barry R. Address. Memorial Day. Washington D.C. May 1993. Houk, Dr. Address. Hearing before the Committee on Veterans Affairs UnitesStates Senate one hundredth Congress second session. 14 July 1988.

The Odysseus The Theme Of Love Essays - Greek Mythology, Mythology

The Odysseus: The Theme of Love There are many essential emotions that form the building blocks of our lives. These emotions help to shape the people that we are. These feelings are emotional necessities to ultimately keep us happy. Nothing makes these feelings more evident than the Odyssey by Homer. Through out the course of this book there is one major emotional theme which is love. Often times in life we search for a companion, someone to share our love and life with. Odysseus and Penelope's lasting relationship is an obvious representation of love in the Odyssey. Although Odysseus is gone for twenty years he never forgets his faithful wife in Ithaca. This love almost seems to help him persevere through the many hardships that he encounters on his journey home. On the other hand, Penelope also exemplifies this same kind of love for Odysseus. At home in Ithaca, she stays loyal to Odysseus by unraveling his shroud and delaying her marriage to the suitors that are courting her. She always keeps the hope that her love, Odysseus, will return. Odysseus and Penelope's marriage clearly illustrates the theme of love. There are also many other bonds formed in life that show great love and guidance. One of the most emphasized in the Odyssey is the father - son relationship. These relationships clearly support the issue of love in the Odyssey. The father - son relationship between Odysseus and Telemachos is a little awkward because they both never really got to know each other but they still care for each other's well being. When Odysseus hears of all the suitors devouring Telemachos's future fortune and mistreating him, he wants to return and revenge the misuse of his family and property. Odysseus, like any parent, also misses his only child while he is at war. Telemachos on the contrary also displays a lot of love for his father. Telemachos leaves Ithaca, inexperienced, to find any knowledge of his father in hope that he is still alive. Telemachos through out most of his life has lacked a father figure and desperately needs that special help and guidance from Odysseus as he becomes a man. Their relationship seems to show how love can give you the strength to carry on. The other important father - son relationship in the Odyssey that exhibits love is the one between Odysseus and Laertes. Odysseus, when he returns, wishes to go see his father. When he confronts his father and tries to hide his identity, he is unable to finish his story because of the great sorrow in his father's eyes. This shows how much he loves his father and what great suffering he caused him. This anguish that Laertes exhibits also shows how much love he has for his son. Since Odysseus was assumed to be dead, it almost sent Laertes into a kind of depression. When Odysseus returned it gave Laetes an overwhelming happiness. This is a case where love seems to be the cure for pain and grief. Love is major emotional theme and it is seen often in the Odyssey. Even though love comes and goes it still plays and important role in everyone's lives. It is not hard to see how happiness relies on love. It definitely shapes who we are and what we do with our lives.

Symbols in Scarlet Letter essays

Symbols in Scarlet Letter essays In the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne used symbolism to show the importance of or the meaning of many things. It is demonstrated throughout the entirety of the novel. Henry James, a famous American novelist, said, ...there is, I think, too much. It is overdone at times, and becomes mechanical; it ceases to be impressive, and grazes triviality. One may feel as if Hawthorne did not overuse symbolism, but I agree with Jamess opinion. There are many cases in the novel that involve symbolism, which is overused. These cases include the letter A, Pearl, and the scaffold. The first major form of symbolism, and the most obvious, is the letter A, which appears in various places in the novel. The main example of the letter A is the scarlet letter, which is worn by Hester Prynne. The scarlet letter was the letter A, which was to be embroidered onto Hesters clothing. It symbolized Hesters sin, adultery. There are many instances that describe the A as it appears on Hesters dress. Hawthorne first describes it by saying, -was that SCARLET LETTER, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom. (p. 51) Another usage of the letter A that appears in the novel appears in chapter 12. While Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl were out at night, a meteor appears in the sky in the shape of an A. The reader may consider this to be symbolism because Hawthorne describes this instance by saying, We impute it, therefore, solely to the disease in his own eye and heart, that the minister, looking upward to the zenith, beheld there the appearance of an immense letter,the letter A,marked out in lines of dull red light.(p. 143) In this case, the A may symbolize guilt that the minister may have, as well as symbolize sin. Lastly, another example of the A&apos...

Free Essays on Twin Research

used in pressed day psychology, intelligence is one of the most difficult to define and is also one of the most controversial. There is however, a general agreement that intelligence refers to the overall faculties of the mind which concern themselves with the sorting of information in the brain after it has been received by the senses, the perceiving of relationships between this new data and information which is already in memory, and the capacity to make rapid and appropriate decisions as a result of the previous processes. The intellectual faculties of the brain are dynamic and interactive and relate to the capacity of the central nervous system to respond speedily and appropriately in a rapidly changing and potentially threatening environment. ... Free Essays on Twin Research Free Essays on Twin Research The dubious history of the heredity environment controversy can be easily traced as far back as the start of the present century with at least some historical evidence placing the roots of this dispute in the time of John Locke. This controversy has continued despite continual reiteration that the critical question is not how much of a trait is due to heredity and how much is due to environment, but rather how environment transact to influence development.† ( Wachs , 1983, p. 386). This paper will focus on the nature/nurture controversy and the extent to which an individuals intellectual level is determined either by inborn intelligence or by environmental factors. The relative powers of nature and nurture have been actively pursed by psychologists and biologists striving to determine how heredity and environment influence the development of intelligence. Before we can go on to discuss the relationships between intelligence and the controversy that exists between the different schools of thought regarding inherited or environmental issues we must have an understanding of what intelligence really is. Of all the words used in pressed day psychology, intelligence is one of the most difficult to define and is also one of the most controversial. There is however, a general agreement that intelligence refers to the overall faculties of the mind which concern themselves with the sorting of information in the brain after it has been received by the senses, the perceiving of relationships between this new data and information which is already in memory, and the capacity to make rapid and appropriate decisions as a result of the previous processes. The intellectual faculties of the brain are dynamic and interactive and relate to the capacity of the central nervous system to respond speedily and appropriately in a rapidly changing and potentially threatening environment. ...

Essay subject is Auditing and is about Applied Graphene Materials Plc

Subject is Auditing and is about Applied Graphene Materials Plc - Essay Example Failure by the auditors to give this view compromises the quality of the audit that is carried out. Audit risk includes any factor at the discretion of the auditor that may cause a material misstatement or even omissions in the financial statements of a company (Dotel, 2015). These risks may arise in different forms in the audit report and the financial statements. First, by an auditor failing to emphasize a matter that is of significance to the users of the financial statements in the audit report, audit risk arises. Secondly, an auditor may provide an opinion on the financial statements where no such opinion may be reasonably given as a result of the significant limitation of scope in the audit performance (Zuca, 2013). Audit risk is a component of three major risks namely, inherent risk, detection risk, and control risk. All these three risks are likely to be encountered while performing an audit. The auditor is therefore expected to assess the level of risk pertaining to each of the three components of audit risk. Inherent risk refers to the risk of material misstatements in a company’s financial statements due to the error of omission. The error of omission of key components of an audit in the audit report arises because of other factors apart from the failures of business internal controls. This component of audit risk is common in companies that have more complex transactions (Schwartz, 2013). Control risk refers the risk of a material misstatement in the company’s financial statements due the failure of operation of relevant controls in a business. In order to reduce the instances of fraud and error within an organization, there is the need for the companies to have proper inter nal controls. Control risk becomes high when a business does not have adequate internal control systems thus creating opportunities for fraud and errors in the financial statements. Furthermore, in order to prevent this

Human resource management for public and nonprofit organizations Essay

Human resource management for public and nonprofit organizations - Essay Example The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 is a federal statute of the USA, which governs job compensation. Its main provisions deal with minimum wages, overtime pay, equal pay and child labor rules. It also requires employers to keep records of the hours the employees have worked. In addition, the Act divides employees into exempt and non-exempt workers. Title 29, Chapter V, Part 541 of the Code of Federal Regulations (1993) defines exempt employees as those who spend 80 percent of their work time performing administrative tasks as their primary responsibility, executive tasks (exercise discretionary decision-making, manage and regulate organization’s work), or professional duties that require outstanding or advanced skills or knowledge (272). State and local governments are not bound by federal minimum wage requirements. Nevertheless, they can require only the same or higher than the federal minimum wages. Though many people do agree with such a state of things, many oppose it. Opponents of comparable worth claim that pay disparities are a result of supply and demand trends, and that the value of labor should be calculated on a scale of socioeconomic value. On the contrary, the advocates of comparable worth believe that labor market rates are not entirely objective. In fact, the federal courts have not recognized comparable worth under the Equal Pay Act or the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Still, various legislative bodies have acted to remedy pay disparities across jobs of similar value to organizations (277 - 278). To sum up, the Director of HRM should know that compensation systems should be designed in such a way that they will attract, motivate, and retain proficient employees. There is a number of factors that defines salaries paid to the employees of public and nonprofit organizations. Market factors influence external equity, while job evaluation or job worth influences internal equity. Since the hiring criteria for public and

Comparison between The Tell-tale Heart Essay Example for Free

Comparison between The Tell-tale Heart Essay The Tell-Tale Heart was written by Edgar Allan Poe in 1843. Famous for his scary novels Poes most famous work was the short story, The Tell-Tale Heart which depicts an anonymous narrator as he carries out his plan to murder a helpless old man. Misery was written by Stephen King in 1987 and it follows a similar theme of horror/thriller with similar characters in similar positions. King tells the story of a renowned author as he gets captured and tortured by a woman. Both of these stories use different techniques through their plot, language and punctuation but they have much the same effect on the reader. In both stories, one of the underlying techniques for building up suspense is hidden inside a well thought out and structured plot. In Misery, the narrative switches back and forth between Paul the author, and his kidnapper, who is known only as Annie. This creates the main source of suspense in the story building it up by showing where each character is, what theyre doing and how close theyre getting to each other. What adds to this suspense is the effect of hearing Pauls thoughts directly. Even though the extract is written in third person, a fraction of the text is written in italics and it represents Pauls thoughts. The writer does this for several reasons. To show things from Pauls point of view and what he is thinking at the time in more detail , but also to underline how worried and panicked he is as things start to go wrong. By hearing Pauls thoughts directly the reader gets to understand how fearful Paul is of getting caught. Also concealed between the lines of the plot is the way the writer stresses the high stakes of what Paul was doing and what will happen to him if hes caught. Right at the beginning of the extract, Paul compares what is happening to him, to his past childhood experience. Through this comparison, the writer introduces the possible idea of Paul getting caught and what will happen to him if he is. The flashback takes the reader back to when Paul had been twelve and decided to try some of his mothers cigarettes. As the room filled with smoke, his mum returned in search for her forgotten purse. We are not told about what his mother did to him when she caught him, but you can guess from the words It will be more than a spanking this time that it was going to be bad. This tells us that if he is caught by Annie in present day he would have to face terrible consequences. Paul compares these to situations because in both hes attempting something and trying not to get caught. In the flashback he does get caught, giving a sense of foreboding to the rest of the story, making the reader think he might get caught again. The high stakes are also shown throughout the extract in Pauls actions and thoughts. His desperation in his attempts to get back into the room and lock the door and his attention to detail show how scared he is of getting caught, because of what he thinks will happen to him if he is. Oh Jesus Christ, did you chip the paint, did you leave a track. His thoughts also scream fear and anxiety in the way punctuation like question marks, exclamation marks and pauses are used. did she hear that? She must have must have heard that! These things are used very effectively as Paul stumbles upon problem upon problem as he attempts to return to the living room after failing to escape from his prison. He must leave everything the way it was to avoid suspicion from Annie, his kidnapper. However his luck doesnt seem to be doing him any favours whilst Annie pulls up the driveway. His first problem was getting into the living room; the wheelchair was a very tight fit. On his first go he crashed into the side, The wheelchair thumped against the right side of the doorway and bounced back a little. His reaction to this was one of great terror and panic, Did you chip the pain? His mind screamed at him. On his second try he got jammed in the doorway and wouldnt budge. The amount of effort he put in getting through shows the reader how scared he was of the cost of getting caught. The muscles in his arms quivering like overturned violin strings. The other problem that he encounters is made clear to the reader, as Paul tries to close the door of living room. The door must be closed and locked in order to leave everything the way it was before Annie left it and avoid suspicion. However whilst pushing the lock back with his thumb he meets an obstruction. Through panicked deduction he realizes the bobby pin he had originally used to unlock the door was stuck in the keyhole, stopping the lock from going back inside. These events contribute greatly to the suspense of the extract by giving Paul more chance of getting caught and keeping the story thrilling and fast-paced. In terms of pace I think that in Misery, as Paul encounters several problems on his return to the room, the story is more fast-paced and exciting than The Tell-Tale Heart. In comparison with Misery, The Tell-Tale Heart is extremely slow and unhurried because as it is first person the narrator is describing everything in full detail and all his thoughts at the time. Plus most of the murder involved waiting. At the end of the extract Paul overcomes all his problems but as he sat in his wheelchair awaiting the untimely arrival of Annie, he looks down and realises that the box of Novrils is still in his lap. The box of Novrils was still in his lap. This final sentence in its simplistic form puts an end to Pauls series of unfortunate events in a great climax of suspense. The sentence is short and straightforward, leaving the reader to work out what will happen for themselves. There was no way Paul could do anything with the box without being seen because Annie was just on the other side of the living room door. If she found him with the Novrils (which were fictional painkillers) she would be able to guess what he was doing whilst she was out and he would have to pay the dire consequences of his actions. From the extract, the way Paul was reacting to every detail of the room, you would fear the worst for his life. The sentence finishes the extract with an ominous feeling for what will happen to Paul when discovered, leaving the story with a suspenseful cliff-hanger. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the way the plot builds up tension lies solely with the narrator and the way he recounts the story of how he killed an old man. The narrator starts the story by trying to convince and persuade the reader that he is indeed sane and not mad. This in itself is mysterious; what had he done that needed persuasion on others behalf to credit as sane. The narrator then introduces the idea of a murder by first establishing the motive behind the crime. The narrator states that he killed the old man (the victim) whom he loved, on the basis that he had and eye that resembled that of a vulture. I think it was his eye! Yes it was this! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture-a pale blue eye with a film over it The motive is ridiculous and in no way should it inspire an act of murder. By first introducing the idea of a murder through the murderers motive, the writer allows the reader to make up their opinion on the sanity of the narrator at the beginning of the story whilst enticing the readers imagination leaving them wondering what else this madman will do. So already the reader would have a set opinion on the narrator, and the narrators behaviour throughout the rest of the short story would do nothing but solidify their suspicions of a troubled individual who is mentally ill. This is not only because he/she is constantly trying to prove their genius thinking behind the murder, but also because they believe that this genius and cunning must surely grant them their sanity. Would a madman have been as wise as this? At the end of the story the narrator (lulled into a false sense of security by his soon to be short-lived success) permits the entry of several policeman into the very room where he had committed the murder, after they came knocking to investigate a mysterious noise heard by one of the neighbours. Not only does he let them sit in the room, but also on the very floorboards where the cut up parts of the dead body lay hidden beneath. Though this just maybe a sign of over-confidence, it is bordering on madness and another reason for the reader to doubt the judgment of the narrator. If all this strange behaviour isnt enough to chill the reader, then the murderer hallucinating should be. His guilty conscious gets the better of him and he thinks he can hear the imaginary beating of the stopped heart of the dead old man. The narrator succumbs to the noise by confessing to the clueless police sitting in front of him, that he had killed the old man who had lived here. Villains! I shrieked, Dissemble me no more! I admit the deed! -tear up the planks! -here, here! it is the beating of his hideous heart! The narrators insane behaviour throughout the story adds to the horror atmosphere of the text. As a final sentence, I would say that Misery ended better than The Tell-Tale Heart in terms of suspense, because it leaves more unexplained questions in readers mind. This is probably because Misery is an extract and still in the middle of its story, and The Tell-Tale Heart finishes with its last line. As an ending I do believe that the final sentence of The Tell-Tale Heart is satisfying as it gives the reader the bare minimum information for the reader to deduce what happens to the murderer after he confesses instead of just saying that he was arrested and went to prison. After analysing both plots, overall I think that the plot of the Misery extract builds up tension better than The Tell-Tale Heart solely on the belief that it is its faster-paced therefore much more exciting. The effect of the chosen narrative for The Tell Tale Heart, which is first person and from the narrators point of view, lets the reader into his/her mind and see their motives and thinking behind an atrocious crime. First person is perfect for The Tell Tale Heart because looking into the murderers mind is exactly what the reader needs to get a proper grasp of the plot. The disadvantages however, are you do not get to find out the gender of the murder because its all I did this and I did that. Also you dont find out what the old man is feeling or what he is thinking. For Misery however third person is used and that also suits the story quite well. This way youre aware of both Paul and Annies actions at the same time. If it was first person and from Pauls point of view, since Paul couldnt have known exactly where Annie was and what she was doing and how close she was, the reader would be clueless and the main way the plot builds up tension would be gone. If it was from Pauls point of view, the focus of the narrative will no longer switch between Paul and Annie, therefore eliminating one of the ways the plot creates a gripping atmosphere and seriously lowering the suspense levels. The disadvantages of third person are made up for by being able to see Pauls thoughts directly. Other than the plot, language is the main source of suspense used to create the atmosphere of the two texts. In Misery, the writer has chosen to use individually effective words that remind the reader of death whilst describing something that is completely unrelated. Phrases such as stopped dead and inside the guts of the lock and Wasnt it enough she killed the phone? In all these occasions, the writer couldve used simple, non-death associated words, but instead he used the words dead, guts and killed. All these words inspire the thought of death in the readers brain, and although it is not directly mentioned it subconsciously arouses the idea of Pauls death in the readers mind. This adds to the overall horror and suspense of the extract. In The Tell-Tale Heart individual words are also used to set the mood of the text but in a different way. Instead of death-connected words, the writer has used long and soft sounding words to slow the pace of the story and calm the mood. I undid the lantern cautiously oh, so cautiously cautiously The use of the word cautiously, which is a long and soothing word, slows the pace of the story down and set s a calm atmosphere. In terms of adding suspense to the text, I believe that Miserys use of death-related words is more effective. In that sentence, the other thing that calms the mood is the use of repetition. As the narrator repeats the word cautiously, it emphasizes the fact the narrator was cautious and it shows the narrators arrogance in their actions. However repetition is used for other purposes throughout the short story. It grew quicker and quicker, and louder and louder every instant . . . It grew louder I say, louder every moment This phrase contains a lot of repetition as the narrator is trying to stress how quick and loud the beating heart was. The repetition also allows the writer to show how agitated the narrator is getting, because of the fact it was getting quicker and louder, but also because he thinks that the reader doesnt believe him. A clear sign of insanity. In Misery repetition is used for similar reasons, but instead of agitation its to show the characters desperation, in phrases like Caught! Im caught! Please God, no God; dont let her hurt me God and Come on . . . Come on . . . Come on. In the first quote the repetition of the word God shows that hes really desperate and has started to pray to God to help him. The second quote is similar as he is repeating the words come on as he gets more and more distressed. In misery what are also used to emphasize a point are superlatives like in the grip of the greatest terror he had ever known. This superlative highlights how bad the experience was for Paul. I believe that The Tell-Tale Hearts use of repetition is more effective than Misery because not only does it build up suspense but also it shows signs of madness in the narrators behaviour which does not occur in Misery. This helps the plot on the whole build up tension. There is a great variety of long and short sentences in both stories. In both pieces of text short sentences are used to slow the pace of the text down. In the Tell Tale Heart it shows that the narrator is calm and unrushed. But even yet I refrained and kept the lantern still. I scarcely breathed. I held the lantern motionless. However, in misery short sentences are used to emphasize whats happening in the sentence. It was her. This sentence just highlights the fact that it was Annie pulling up the driveway, and it makes the reader think about the consequences of these events. Although both are successful in creating suspense, I believe that Misery is more effective. Long sentences are usually used to keep the story going and build up the suspense. In Misery however, long sentences also show that Paul is panicked and rushed. He sat in his chair, eyes half -closed, hoping madly that he had gotten the chair back where it had been(or at least close enough to it so she wouldnt notice), hoping that she would take his drenched face and quivering body simply as reactions to missing his medication, hoping most of all that he hadnt left a track. This humungous sentence shows how worried Paul is of getting caught and its a great way to build the suspense because it allows no pauses. In The Tell-Tale Heart, long sentences arent used as effectively to build up suspense. In both pieces of text, there is a lot of punctuation used effectively to add horror and tension. The Tell-Tale Heart is first person and from the narrators point of view, so exclamation marks and capitals are used for his thoughts when he is angry and or shocked. They heard! -they suspected! -they KNEW! -they were making a mockery of his horror! The exclamation marks and capitals are emphasizing his thoughts, showing his rage and disbelief, whilst the dashes allow no pause and add suspense as he moves from one revelation to another. In other occasions, exclamations are used to show the narrators surprise and wonder at his own brilliance and ingenuity. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! The Misery extract however, contained only a couple of exclamations, used only to show that Annie was shouting to Paul in the living room so they were less effective than ones in The Tell Tale Heart. In The Tell-Tale Heart, because the narrator is recounting a story, it is almost as if he is having a conversation with the reader. At the beginning of the story, the narrator begins by asking numerous questions on whether or not the reader believed he was mad or not. How then am I mad? The effect of these questions and question marks makes the reader feel as if he had contradicted the narrator in some way and the narrator was having an argument with them. This is a good way to show the madness of the narrator from right at the start of the story. Question marks are also used in Misery however for different reasons. Phrases such as did you chip the paint? and did you leave a track? are used as another way to show Pauls desperation but also to show his own uncertainty as he starts to panic. For these reasons I believe the use of question marks is better in Misery than in The Tell-Tale Heart. Another aspect of the punctuation in Misery is the use of pauses. Come on . . . come on . . . come on and Never . . . never in time . . . Shell hear are two good examples of where the writer has used pauses to give a sense of desperation and anxiety to Pauls thoughts. To conclude this essay, I would have to say that the extract from Misery by Stephen King is more effective than The Tell-Tale Heart in the way it creates an atmosphere of horror and suspense. It does this by using and expert blend of individually effectual words, well structured plot, effective narrative, well thought out and carefully placed punctuation, and a wide range of long and short sentences. Although The Tell Tale Heart does contain most of the techniques stated above, one thing I think Misery does better, and what makes it the better piece of text, is hidden inside its suspenseful plot line where Paul is constantly in a state of desperation and anxiety and in almost immediate danger. This I think is lacking in The Tell-Tale Heart, the sense of immediate danger, and is what makes the extract from Misery the perfect horror/suspense text.

The Theme of Identity in Poetry :: Identity Digging Still I Rise The Barn Essays

The Theme of Identity in Poetry These three poems are all to do with the theme identity although I specifically choose three that contrasted with each other. Digging is portraying the identity of the three generations of digging, his father, grandfather and himself. ‘Explain how three poems concerned with developing personality, develop their themes’ For this essay I will be choosing three poems, which will help me compare and contrast how each develop their themes of identity. The three I will be choosing are: 1. Digging Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests: snug as a gun. Under my window, a clean rasping sound when the spade sinks into gravely ground: My father, digging. I look down till his straining rump among the flowerbeds Bends low, comes up twenty years away Stooping in rhythm through potato drills where he was digging. The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly. He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep to scatter new potatoes that we picked Loving their cool hardness in our hands. By God the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. My grandfather cut more turf in a day than any other man on Toner's bog. Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up To drink it, then fell to right away Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf. Digging. The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap of soggy peat, the curt cuts of an edge through living roots awaken in my head. But I've no spade to follow men like them. Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests. I'll dig with it. 2. Still I rise You may write me down in history with your bitter, twisted lies, you may tread me in the very dirt but still, like dust, I'll rise. Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? 'Cause I walk like I've got oil wells pumping in my living room. Just like moons and like suns, with the certainty of tides, just like hopes springing high, still I'll rise. Did you want to see me broken? Bowed head and lowered eyes? Shoulders falling down like teardrops. Weakened by my soulful cries. Does my haughtiness offend you? Don't you take it awful hard 'Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines Digging' in my own back yard. You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness, but still, like air, I'll rise. Does my sexiness upset you? Does it come as a surprise that I dance like I've got diamonds

Huawei Research Essay

The purpose of this report is to find out how Huawei positioned in the industry of mobile phone. We went through all Huawei’s background, offering, purpose, market contexts and understanding the business operations of Huawei. We also analyse and evaluate what marketing strategies and marketing mix to help them hold their position in such competitive industry. After understanding the concept of the marketing strategies, we investigate that the marketing segmentation and the targeting strategies which Huawei used to position itself in the market. We use it to compare and explain why the Huawei choose the strategies in promoting their products. After investigating the Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning (STP) marketing strategies, we have done our further report with the concept of the marketing mix as known as the 4Ps – Promotion, Pricing, Products and Place. After the identification and discussion of marketing mix, we found out that Huawei is facing some problems and we come up with our ideas, recommendation and suggestion how Huawei can overcome these current concerns and further concerns. Huawei enterprise has segments into different markets which are carrier network business, enterprise business and consumer business. However, Huawei is targeting more towards the consumer business and it segments the market into two parts again which are low income group and high income group. According to the segment variables, Huawei’s products are mainly targeting on low income consumers as Huawei is producing low price smartphones which are affordable by the target groups. Huawei’s positioning as the world’s third smartphone enterprise and known as the world’s largest telecoms operators offering global equipment, operational services and manufacturing electronic communications devices. Huawei enterprise is in the position of low price and personal used entertaining smartphones. INTRODUCTION Overview, Company background, Company’s offering, Purpose Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. is a Chinese leading ICT provider, which was founded in 1987 September by the Ren Zheng Fei, the company’s president and the ex-People’s Liberation Army engineer, established in ShenZhen, China. Huawei is a private firm that owned by its own employees. Huawei is the leading telecommunications equipment manufacturing supplier and was ranked among the top three globally in mobile phone industry. The vision of Huawei is to enhance people’s lives through communication. While their mission is to focus on their clients’ market challenges and desires by providing better ICT solutions and services in order to consistently produce maximum value for clients. Huawei’s core values have been divided into customers first, dedications, continuous improvement, openness & initiative, integrity and teamwork. (Huawei, 2014) Market contexts, Use of concepts and Theories Market contexts help firm to analyse and get more personalized and relevant marketing contents. Market context is also known as SWOT. Information shown below is the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) of Huawei. ( Huawei,2014) (1) Strength: Huawei invested a huge amount in R&D, having wide vision and experienced sales organisation to help them in emerging markets and the cost advantage. (2) Weaknesses: Lack of awareness and experience outside telecom, the margin pressure due their low price products. (3) Opportunities: Their business models are all towards cloud and have huge data solutions. (4) Threats: Many competitors are entering these developing markets. Company planned their marketing strategies with 4Ps, which includes product, price, promotion and place. Huawei have produced low-cost smartphone to its low-income target. As its production base is in China which has low labour cost, hence Huawei could enjoy the cost advantage. Besides, Huawei is using the selective distribution strategy and also e-commerce distribution channel to sell their products. Last but not least, Huawei promotes their products by making advertisement, having exhibitions and also making a slogan that could make their low-price products well-known and recognized. BODY 1 Concepts of STP Market Segmentation is a marketing strategy that involves dividing a broad market into subsets of consumers with different requirements, characteristics or behaviors that might involve various marketing tactics to deal with. Corporations can identify the bases and develop the profiles of the resulting segments. Segmentation : Marketing segmentation is divided into four which are geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral segmentations. Geographic segmentation segments the market into geographical parts to perform a company determine whether it should operate in one or a few or all the areas that geographically vital to the consumers’ needs. Examples: Nation, city, density. Demographic segmentation is the most common segmentation method for segmenting consumer groups because needs also related to the demographic elements. Examples: age, income, race. Psychographic segmentation is classification of customers with regard to different characteristic. Examples: lifestyle, personality, core values. Behavioural segmentation can filters consumers into groups according to their knowledge, attitude, habit or response to a product. Examples: occasion, benefits and user rates. Targeting: Targeting is the process to help companies to filter and select potential customers to plan marketing strategy and develop a more specific tactic to reach the amount of expected sales. There are 3 general tactics in targeting the market: Undifferentiated targeting is the strategy that the company has a very competitive product that might monopolize the market and don’t need differentiate consumer group. Concentrated targeting is the company has a very strong data and company know which consumer group they should aim and let them become more competitive in the market. Multi-Segment targeting is the technique used to focus two or more well researched consumer groups so  can develop different strategies. Positioning: Positioning is improving the awareness, perceptions and impressions of consumers. Positioning can be a really efficient instrument to tempt consumers. Companies can utilize the concept of positioning and differentiation to identify themselves by bringing the distinctive value and benefits to consumers and become more competitive. BODY 2 Market Segmentation Carrier network business, enterprise business and consumer business are the three core business segments that divided by Huawei enterprise. The first segmentation which is carrier network business is mainly emphasizing on telecommunications operator and services worldwide. In order to achieve this, Huawei develop various wireless network products, at the same time they offer consistent experiences and effectives solutions to their customers. Secondly, enterprise network business mainly serves government, public utilities and enterprises customers. It provides great efficiency to ICT solutions, hardware equipment and services which include network infrastructure, cloud computing, and enterprise information solutions. Huawei aims to become one of the leading global mobile phone brands by 2015. As the results of it, the third market segment develops and manufactures consumer product, for example mobile broadband devices, home devices, smartphone, and related applications. The enterprise highly focuses on fulfilling consumers’ needs and wants. Above are generally three business segmentations that Huawei enterprise focuses on. However, to meet the assignment question requirement, Consumer Business segment is interpreted in more detail forms as below. Segmentation Income Segmentation Psychographic Segmentation Behavioral segmentation Income Level Social Class Lifestyle Benefit sought High-income Upper and upper-middle Luxury Uniqueness, brand image, deliverability and relevant Low-income Working and lower-middle Economy Desirability, deliverability and relevant Based on demographic segmentation, Huawei sorted it’s customer to low-income segment and higher income segment. As a relative new comer in smartphone market, Huawei have already captured the attention of low-income segment customers (Segmentation A), who are earning relative low income and stands at the working or lower-middle of social class. This segment has a normal or economy lifestyle and they emphasize more on the value of money. While in segmentation B, who has higher income or work as supervisor and above. They are standing on the upper or upper-middle of social class. Hence they are having a luxury lifestyle, which focus more on the uniqueness or appearance. Targeting According to research firm Gartner, smartphones’ share of worldwide mobile phones sales in year 2012 went up 12.3 percent every year from 26.6 percent in 2011, driving overall mobile sales consistently as feature phones showed  a decline in demand. However, smartphones market is rapidly well structured, in order to capture the consumers’ eyes and able to compete with others well-known brand, Huawei enterprise firstly decided to target one significant segment to enter the smartphone market. Target lower-income segment: From the demographic segmentation, Huawei targets at low-income segment consumers. As a new-comer of mobile device market, Huawei started its business at lower-end market segment. More than half of those Huawei phones were sold to people with household income of $35,000 or less, a low income segment.(NPD, 2012) Huawei succeeded in its smartphone business is due to the aggressive lower-end pricing, said Neil Shah, analyst of wireless device strategies at Strategy Analytics. The production cost is lower than other smartphone brand, and the company set it’s smartphone product at lower price, it directly attract those low income consumers to buy Huawei smartphone or tablet products. The company designs low profile development to meet growing domestic demand for cheaper smartphone, and it also indirectly stimulate the country’s economics.( Bourcier, J.,2014) The reason that Huawei chooses to target lower-income market is that lower production cost yet bigger income.( Khan, S ., 2013) It can be explained that lower income consumers have more affordability and more willingness to buy the low cost smartphone. As a result of it, bigger profit margin is successfully gained. Besides, global market giant such as Samsung and Apple have long ignored the lower-end market, it the best chance for Huawei to dominate the lower-end market segment consumers, and it proved that Huawei has succeeded setting their aggressive marketing strategy. Finding others omission and work on it is their strategy to capture the consumers’ wants and needs. It is also the second reason that Huawei tends to target lower-income consumers. For example, Huawei I M835 model Android smartphone retails at $39, and it is cheaper than some others smartphone brand, at the same time, the average smartphone selling price was $335 in 2013, IDC reported. According to the store assistant Ron Wemirovsky, Huawei’s smartphone attracts lower-income customers. The Huawei M835 is the cheapest Android smartphone in the market.(Tung, A., 2014) Furthermore, South Pacific at Huawei’s regional marketing director, Tang Siew Wai, claimed that their  overall strategy is to extend its bus iness from B2B to B2C, mainly to make well known Huawei -branded, and shifting it’s smartphone business products from lower-end products to both middle and high range products globally. (Khan, S., 2013) Positioning Huawei maintains its strong market position. According to IDC, Huawei maintained the third position over the world, it attained the highest yearly increase among the leading vendors, and raised its brand portfolio with a higher proportion of self-branded unite compare to other enterprises (Troianovski, A., 2014). Furthermore, Huawei enterprise also maintained their strong market position in other field, for example they are the world largest telecoms operators offering global equipment, operational services and manufacturing electronic communications devices such as smartphone and tablets. From the figure above, it shows Huawei smartphone in significant position which is low price and personal used entertaining smartphones. Huawei’s strong market position indicates the superiority on providing services and also indicates the company is enjoying a well-known brand name that its effectively merging into new products line and market to capture market share from the competitors. Although Huawei has got its target low-end segment marketing strategy successfully, yet the company are having several strong competitors to compete with each other on the low pricing smartphone market, for example ZTE and Lenovo. According to Gartner, while Huawei and ZTE are competing with each other furiously, Lenovo’s smartphone fugitively developed its brand in the market. Other than that, Nokia has also got its low pricing strategy in China and it makes the competition among the companies that target low-end segment into a drastic scene. In conclusion, Huawei’s strong pos ition in the smartphone market and other field products markets has strengthened the company competiveness. Besides, innovation is important for the company, the transformation of different targeting segmentation can be a way to maintain the company’s strong influence in the market. BODY 3 In business world, no matter you are product or service base company, marketing mix strategies is a must in generating sales by implementing their own marketing strategies. There are 4 elements in marketing mix strategies which are product, price, promotion and place. Product Reportedly, Huawei’s smartphone shipments show an increment of 67% annually to 13 million units in the third quarter of 2013, which captured 5% of the global smartphone market (Huawei Investment & Holding Co. Ltd, 2014). According to Kotler & Armstrong (2014), there are three levels fall under the product which are core customer value, actual product and augmented product. A research (BBC, 2013) shows Ascend Y100 is chosen as well known product in the Huawei Company as the price is below $99. This Ascend Y100 is targeting the low income customers where the customers show their core values while purchasing this product. The core customer values that can be found are the customers are spending less on the mobile phone and get an equal quality of smartphone specifications. Furthermore, actual product includes the brand name, quality level, and features. Huawei Ascend Y100 is one of the smartphone brand names in the Huawei Company. The quality of this smartphone may not as grand a s those premium phones; however, it does not really feel fragile either. Ascend Y100 has an anti- fingerprint surface, as the screen and the phone is surrounded by gloss black bezel (Huawei Ascend Y100 Android phone, 2013). The specifications of Ascend Y100 are storage capacity with 512 MB and it is expandable to 32 GB, screen sharpness of 143 pixels per inch, and it runs the Gingerbread 2.3 version of Android (Huawei Ascend Y100 Specifications, 2014). Even though Ascend Y100 is fall under the low price smartphone, but it offers all the features of most other Android smartphones such as Wi- Fi, a Web browser, and GPS. Last but not least, warranty, delivery and credit, and after sales service can be concluded in the last level, augmented product. There is a one year manufacturer warranty on the smartphone and only six months warranty for the accessories in the product’s box. Delivery process will be done upon online purchasing and credit payment services are provided too. A cross- technology method should  be used by Huawei to improve their productivity on all the mobile phones especially Ascend Y100. This can increase the specifications and designation of the products. Huawei can hire more fore ign employees to get different type of technology ideas and use it in developing the new products. A mixture of different ideas from different country can make a product more efficient and productive. Price According to Market research institution International Data Corp. (IDC), Huawei is the third largest smartphone maker in the world, which comes after Apple and Samsung. However, a lot may ask how Huawei can make it especially with those high recognition brands like Nokia and HTC. In fact, Huawei is making a good call in the lower end smartphone market, which is also one of the reasons that Huawei became a giant in the mobile phone industry (CaixinOnline,2013). They enter the industry with the intention to create low cost smartphone to all consumers, especially those with low-income. This makes a good call because the market in China is highly competitive, where a lot of people are stuck with low-paid jobs and high living cost in the city. As Huawei has their main factory in China to assemble their product, they are able to enjoy the labour cost advantage. China is known for their cheap labour cost compared to other countries, which helps Huawei to lower their devices’ prices a nd competes with others. For example, one of the Huawei’s mobile devices, Ascend Y100 was sold for only $99. Although it is a lot cheaper than those big brands, but its function is almost as good as it is (CNN,2013). This shows that they are having competitive advantage and results a rapid growth in Huawei’s sales. According to the vice minister of Information Department of China Center for International Economic Exchanges, he pointed out that living cost in China is rising due to the inflation and the increasing Chinese wage to international standards, caused the rise in China labour cost (ChinaDaily,2013). While in India, company would able to have lower Indian labour costs and currency (BusinessToday,2014). Hence, India is a good option to set up their production base in order to keep their products at a lower price. Promotion Promotion is the most concerned strategy by the Huawei Company where they are promoting their brand through advertising, public relations, personal selling, marketing and media. Huawei is advertising the smartphones to the world especially the low income consumers saying that they have the lowest price of mobile phones which indicates Ascend Y100 through YouTube, Congress and also TV. For instance, Huawei has introduced a new slogan in Mobile World Congress 2013 – Make It Possible. This slogan is designates for the consumers which allow them to dream by offering a vision of a mobile world where the journeys are never hindered by lines or limitations (Huawei Device Argentina, 2013). The low income consumers are now daring to dream there is a smartphone which the price is less than $99. Moreover, Kotler & Armstrong (2014) found that personal selling is the presentation by the firm’s sales department to increase the sales and build the customer relationship such as busines s promotion that involves trade shows. Example, Huawei takes the opportunity to introduce their mobile phones in the Mobile World Congress (MWC) which known as the world’s largest mobile trade show (Moore, 2014). This MWC is best for Huawei to display their product such as Ascend Y100 because MWC is the world’s best venue for seeking industry opportunities, making deals, and networking (Mobile World Congress, 2014). In addition, Huawei can promote their products through TED Talk. According to TED Conference, TED is a non-profit devoted to share ideas in communities around the world, usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less). TED began in 1984 as a conference in more than 100 languages where Technology, Entertainment and Design converged. Therefore, Huawei can invite their professional developers to give a short talk on TED Talk to let the whole world recognise and acknowledge about Huawei’s low- price products. Place There are 3 distribution strategies for each of the company to implement in their marketing strategy. They are selective distribution, intensive distribution, and exclusive distribution. All of these are strategies to approach the consumer through different distribution channels. In order to approach the consumers, Huawei is using the selective distribution strategy which involves selling their products in the most fitting and best-performing outlets. With a limited number of outlets, Huawei is able to  concentrate on their selling effort rather than dissipating it over countless marginal ones. According to Wang Weijun, head of Huawei Device Co Ltd in China, Huawei has already signed strategic cooperation agreements with Suning, Gome and D.Phone (ChinaDaily,2012). They are the few largest privately owned retailers that sell electrical appliance in the Mainland China. By selling their products there, Huawei is able to sell their products to the low-income group as most of them will search for a phone that includes good quality and features with a reasonable price in those electrical based retailers. They may compare the products with one another and choose the one which is good value for money. Other than selling their products in the outlet stores, e-commerce is also an important way for mobile phone sales. With the continue rise of e-commerce, Huawei is taking a step further to develop their e-commerce business. In addition to theirs online shopping mall, other e-commerce distribution channel like 360buy and Dangdang are also Huawei’s working partner in selling their mobile devices (WantChinaTimes,2012). Lastly, in order to demonstrate its product and also increase the brand recognition, flagship stores in few major cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, are planned to establish. CONCLUSION Granting to the research and the report has been executed, obviously that Huawei involved in the Smartphone industry in a great timing because the industry is in the growing stage, and Huawei uses their low pricing advantage to capture the low income consumer groups. Besides that, Huawei is still holding their strong position in the other field such like global equipment, operational services and more. After our investigation, we found out that the major problem facing by Huawei is the both competitors which are Samsung and iPhone. Although Huawei is the third biggest Smartphone provider in the world, where Samsung leads with 29% and Apple gets a 22% of the Smartphone market, but Huawei only has 5% shares in the smartphone industry and it shows a distance between Huawei and the top two competitors. This is because Samsung and iPhone already positioned well in the individual consumer market and both have a longer history than Huawei. The reputation  of China products decelerates the sales of Huawei in the overseas market causes Huawei having problem to get the high income consumers’ market. In the competitive market, the changes of environmental will bring a huge impact to the company strategic so that company needs to identify and segment the market. Huawei’s marketing strategy in price is their strongest weapon to compete with the others. Huawei should expand their business to India to get cheaper labour cost to increase revenue so that they can sustain the low labour cost advantage as well. Huawei should hire more local professionals to get their ideas on the smartphone and to promote their products as the professionals will know more on the customs and the culture of the nation. With these strategies, Huawei can remain their position in the low income consumer groups and start to dominate the high income market, that’s what Nokia achieved in the 90s and 00s years. REFERENCE LIST Business Today (2014). Made In India*. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/india-benefits-china-begins-to-lose-manufacturing-edge/1/203040.html Bourcier, J. (2014). Huawei Research Proposal. prezi.com. Retrieved 22 May 2014, from http://prezi.com/joooyt8chmho/huawei-research-proposal/ China Daily (2013). Chinese labor costs remain advantages. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/31/content_15636085.htm China Daily (2012).Huawei to expand distribution channel. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-09/24/content_15779363.htm CNN (2013). Would you buy a Huawei smartphone?. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/09/business/china-huawei-smartphones-stout/ Huawei. (2013, June 18). Huawei has a mobile phone that the price below $99. BBC. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-22949159 Huawei Device Argentina. (2013, February 25). Huawei Make It Possible: New S logan![Videofile]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNY6sP9mLGw Huawei News. (2013). Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.huaweidevice.co.uk/news/ Huawei Ascend Y100 Android phone. (2013). Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.huaweidevice.co.uk/news/ Huawei Ascend Y100 Specifications. (2014). Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.gsmarena.com/huawei_ascend_y100-4839.php Huawei Investment & Holding Co. Ltd. (2014). Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. SWOT Analysis. Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. SWOT Analysis, 1-9. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sunway.edu.my/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1ebf97f5-4663-4326-aea6-8c91c3dd0277%40sessionmgr113&vid=3&hid=106 Huawei.com,. (2014). Vision, Mission and Core Values – About Huawei. Retrieved 28 May 2014, from http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/annual-report/annual-report-2011/VisionMissionandCoreValues/ Huawei Investment & Holding Co., Ltd. SWOT Analysis. (2014). Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. SWOT Analysis, 1-9. Itnewsafrica.com,. (2014). Huawei shipped a third of global smartphones | IT News Africa- Africa’s Technology News Leader. Retrieved 1 May 2014, from http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2014/02/huawei-shipped-a-third-of-global-smartphones/ Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2014). Principles of marketing (15th ed.). England, Pearson Education Limited. Khan, S. (2013). Insight: Sector Study – Budget Smartphones – Mobile brands target emerging markets. Campaign Asia-Pacific, 20. Min,T. (2013). Closer Look: How Huawei Quietly Became a Mobile Phone Giant. Caixin. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://english.caixin.com/2013-01-30/100487876.html Moore, M. (2014). Huawei To Unveil First Smartwatch At Mobile World Congress. Retrieved from http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/smartwatch-from-huawei-coming-at-mwc-138644 Mobile World Congress. (2014). About Mobile World Congress Event [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.mobileworldcongress.com/2014-preview/ SWOT: Huawei, Enterprise Storage, Worldwide. (2013) (1st ed.). Retrieved from enterprise.huawei.com/ilink/enenterprise/download/HW_260646 TED Conference (n.d). Retrieved May 2, 2014, from https://www.ted.com/about/our-organization Tung, A. (2014). Huawei makes a good call in low-end smartphone market|Busine ss|chinadaily.com.cn. Usa.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved May 2014, from http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/weekly/2012-03/02/content_14736467.htm Troianovski, A. (2014). Can You Say ‘WAH-wey’? Low-Cost Phones Find Niche. Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2 May 2014, from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203733304577102223985134572 The Economist,. (2014). Who’s afraid of Huawei?. Retrieved 28 May 2014, from http://www.economist.com/node/21559922 Toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au,. (2014). Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning. Retrieved 28 May 2014, from http://toolkit.smallbiz.nsw.gov.au/part/3/10/49 Vance, A., & Einhorn, B. (2011). At Huawei, Matt Bross Tries to Ease U.S. Security Fears.Businessweek.com. Retrieved 28 May 2014, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/at-huawei-matt-bross-tries-to-ease-us-security-fears-09152011.html Want China Times (2012). Huawei to expand distribution channels for its terminal devices. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120623000050&cid=1502

Research Utilization Project †Fecal Transplantation Essay

Clostridium difficile (C-difficile) is a common bacterium that is a frequent cause of infection in the colon and effects numerous patients. Clostridium difficile increases the hospital costs associated with inpatient care, including identification of the organism as well as treatment. The most common cause of C-difficile infection is the elimination of normal intestinal flora caused by antibiotic use. Standard treatment of C-difficile infection includes the use of oral (Flagyl) and intravenous (Vancomycin) antibiotic therapy. The use of fecal transplantation to treat C-difficile infection is increasing in popularity. Research regarding fecal transplantation dates back to 1958; however, the efficacy of fecal transplant for the treatment of C-difficile are rapidly emerging with noted benefits for patients. The mere thought of presenting fecal transplantation for the treatment of a C-difficile infection is often dismissed because of limited available evidence and the concerns about using someone else’s stool to treat the infection. The necessity to educate patients with C-difficile is an additional challenge. Potential donors and recipients need to be assured of minimal risks associated with the screening and transplantation process. The ability to educate society on the results of evidence-based practice regarding the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation should minimize concerns and enhance patient outcomes. The creation of a patient education programs is increasingly beneficial when multiple health care professionals and interdisciplinary teams are involved. Thus, a project objective in implementing an educational patient program for fecal transplantation is the creation of an informative brochure for potential use in the Endoscopy Department at Sharp Memorial Hospital by December 2014. The treatment regimen for initial and chronic C-difficile with fecal transplantation is inexpensive and noted as extremely effective. The articles reviewed consistently reveal efficacy rates greater than 85%. Fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile continues to illicit multiple verbal and non-verbal responses and is not considered a standard of care for patients, families, communities, and hospital staff. The implementation of an informative educational brochure will minimize fears, hesitations, and reluctance for the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation. The central theme of transplanting feces from a selected healthy donor to the recipient with C-difficile is often met with resistance. The fecal transplantation brochure will encompass aspects of fecal transplantation with the expectation of educating patients, families, and communities. Additionally, the brochure would enhance awareness of hospital staff providing an opportunity to educate units or departments. The application of Kurt Lewin’s change model for the implementation of an educational brochure for fecal transplantation will be employed. The current treatment modalities for C-difficile and the methods of transmission are increasingly becoming expensive for health care organizations. The financial goals of the organization are to decrease the rates of C-difficile and possibly entertain the concept of fecal transplantation. A dichotomous survey will be used to measure awareness and use of fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile. The interdisciplinary team employed to create the brochure would prove beneficial in developing standardized procedures in performing fecal transplantations. The Southern California Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates is an excellent venue for potentially validating and communicating the results. The two possible grant funding sources for the fecal transplantation brochure is the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates (SGNA). The creation and implementation of an educational brochure for patients considered for fecal transplantation would enhance community education and minimize fears in treating C-difficile with fecal transplantation. Keywords: fecal transplantation, clostridium difficile, fecal micobiota transplantation Problem Identification The traditional treatments for patients diagnosed with infections of the colon are antibiotics. However, many antibiotics kill the normal healthy bacteria of the colon. This results in an overwhelming increase in the risk for developing a C-difficile infection. Medicine. Net (2012) stated, â€Å"Patients taking antibiotics are at risk of becoming infected with C. difficile as antibiotics can disrupt the normal bacteria of the bowel, allowing C. ifficile to become established in the colon† (para. 1). The potential for implementing the use of fecal transplantations for the treatment of C-difficile among the general population is questionable. The mere thought of presenting fecal transplantation for the treatment of a C-difficile infection is often dismissed because of limited available evidence and the concerns about using someone else’s stool to treat the infect ion. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, â€Å"Cure rates of > 90% are being consistently reported from multiple enters. Transplantation [fecal] can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract† (p. 403). An additional consideration is the perception of fecal transplantation within the community. The necessity to educate patients with C-difficile is an additional challenge. Potential donors and recipients need to be assured of minimal risks associated with the screening and transplantation process. Current research supports and discusses a comprehensive approach to identification and screening for potential fecal donors, donor preparation, and transplantation procedures. The procedure for donor selection and screening is comprehensive to prevent the transmission of infection. According to Hamilton, Weingarden, Sadowsky, and Khoruts (2012), â€Å"The [donor] history includes assessment of infectious risk, including identification of known risk factors for HIV and Hepatitis, current communicable diseases, and recent travel to areas of the world with a higher prevalence of diarrheal illnesses† (p. 3). In educating patients, families, and the community at large, the rigor associated with the screening process must be emphasized to reduce fear. The project objective in implementing an educational patient program for fecal transplantation is the creation of an informative brochure for potential use in the Endoscopy Department at Sharp Memorial Hospital by December 2014. The brochure will be created using a collaborative approach by employing endoscopic nursing champions. The goal is for the brochure to be patient specific and encompass appropriate information to decrease fears and answer questions associated with fecal transplantation. Additionally, the development of a patient posttest associated with the brochure will be created to evaluate the effectiveness of content delivery and adjusted accordingly to meet patient needs and desired outcomes. The proposed solution will minimize the ambiguity and fears associated with fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile. Solution Description The proposed solution for teaching potential recipients and donors about fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile is to diminish infection rates. By creating and implementing a comprehensive nursing educational approach patients and donors can be well informed on this innovative treatment modality. â€Å"In many areas of clinical decision making, research has demonstrated that â€Å"tried and true† practices taught in basic nursing education are not always best† (Polit & Beck, 2012, p. 25). The ability to educate society on the results of evidence-based practice regarding the treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation should minimize concerns and enhance patient outcomes. The creation of a patient education program is increasingly beneficial when multiple health care professionals and interdisciplinary teams are involved. The importance of evidence-based practice is to ensure the evidence about fecal transplants has been collected, evaluated, and implemented to establish the best practice and approach. The main premise for patient safety is to ensure donors have been thoroughly screened to minimize the potential for the transmission of other diseases with feces. According to Rohlke and Stollman (2012) on donor selection, â€Å"There have not yet been any adverse events reported that can be conclusively or directly attributed to [fecal microbiota transplantation] FMT, and proper donor screening is essential to avoid transmitting communicable diseases from donor to recipient† (p. 406). Individuals with recurrent C-difficile infections are moderately self-educated regarding treatment modalities and are receptive to the idea of fecal transplantation. The emphasis on educating patients, families, and communities regarding fecal transplantation as the initial treatment regimen is the focus. Hospital and individual associated costs in administering antibiotic therapy for the treatment of C-difficile could be drastically reduced by using fecal transplantation as the initial therapy. Brandt (2012) stated in reply, â€Å"Do patients typically accept fecal transplantation as a treatment option? Yes †¦patients typically respond with interest, and they are generally positive about trying it and they do not typically react with disgust† (para. ). The current research base associated with fecal transplantation demonstrates high cure rates while minimizing the reoccurrence of C-difficile. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, â€Å"Cure rates of > 90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers† (p. 403). The review of current literature demonstrates that patient education for fecal transplantation is performed by a gastroenterologist and not the gastrointestinal (GI) nurse. Patient education provided to patients from physicians typically entails a one-way communication style. In this scenario, the gastroenterologist sends the information to the patient, and there is little discussion with the receiver. Thus, patients commonly seek out more information from the registered nurse. The ability to educate patients regarding fecal transplantation using the proposed brochure would facilitate a commonality and minimize fears. The feasibility of implementing the brochure into endoscopic departments would be perplexing and centered on nursing knowledge of fecal transplantation. Brodine and Kellogg (2013) stated, â€Å"All patients infected or colonized with C. ifficile must be educated about this bacterium, proper disease management, and transmission prevention. The nurse should use patient-centered communication—free of jargon and appropriate to the patient’s health-literacy level† (para. 13). The health care organization must employ educational programs specific to the needs of the patients and desired outcomes. â€Å"The Joint Commission recommends using the â€Å"teach-back† and â€Å"show-back† methods to educate patients; that is, ask the patient to â€Å"teach back† the information provided or demonstrate understanding by â€Å"showing† a skill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brodline & Kellogg, 2013, para. 3). The organizational culture at Sharp Memorial Hospital for nursing is centered on the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Recognition Program ®. The nursing strategic plan is developed by nursing leaders with input from nursing staff based on the hospital strategic plan. Additionally, nurse leaders emphasize that innovation is a core value and part of the nursing process. Nurse leaders encourage innovation through training, resources, and role modeling (Beyond Excellence, 2013). The roposed solution of implementing patient education for fecal transplantation is supported by Sharp Memorial Hospital because it involves introducing new knowledge regarding innovative, evidence-based treatment modalities. Research Report Clostridium difficile infection remains a constant struggle for hospitals. The standard treatment regimen of antibiotics commonly results in relapses. Research on fecal transplantation is continuing to emerge as a promising alternative approach in treating chronic C-difficile infections. Numerous studies demonstrate positive outcomes with the administration of fecal transplant in the treatment of C-difficile (Rohlke & Stollman, 2012). Fecal transplantation has shown through research studies to be a useful treatment for C-difficile infection via the restoration of intestinal normal flora (Brandt, 2012). The most common sign reported by patients diagnosed with C-difficile is chronic diarrhea. Johnson (2012) stated, â€Å"The administration of antibiotics can alter the balance of normal colonic flora to permit the overgrowth of pathogenic C. ifficile strains that produce toxins which cause diarrhea and associated symptoms† (para. 5). In an article published in the Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the authors reported 17 of 22 fecal transplantations for the treatment of C-difficile were effective (Landy, Al-Hassi, MLaughlin, Walker, Nicholls, Clark, & Hart, 2011). The substantiated results of the review article highlighted major differences in patients, donors, screening, methods of administration, and the definition of treatment responses (Landy et al. , 2011). The multiple factors highlighted in this review of treating C-difficile with fecal transplantation review across the spectrum using a standard approach is essential to supporting increased use of this treatment modality. Landy et al. (2011) stated, â€Å"Standardized controlled studies are necessary to ascertain the most effective treatment regimen as well as the most acceptable method of treatment† (p. 414). Grehen, Borody, Leis, Campbell, Mitchell, and Wettstein (2010) published a study, â€Å"to demonstrate the benefits of fecal biotherapy and the role of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of gastrointestinal conditions† (p. 51). The study included 10 patients treated with fecal transplantation and monitored the progress of bacterial population of the colon pre and post transplantation for a 24 week period. Grehen et al. (2010) found the following: At intervals of 4, 8, and 24 weeks after the procedure, the bacterial populations in the patients’ fecal samples consisted predominantly of bacteria derived from the health donor samples. Comparisons of similarity at 4, 8, and 24 week samples to the donor-infused sample were made and each recipient’s baseline sample was statistically significant with Friedmen test. p. 551) Rohlke and Stollman (2012) noted that C-difficile rates continue to rise with greater intensity and severity. The treatment of C-difficile with fecal transplantation is an emerging and accepted intervention in patients with recurrent C-difficile. Rohlke and Stollman (2012) stated, â€Å"Cure rates of >90% are being consistently reported from multiple centers. Transplantation can be provided through a variety of methodologies, either to the lower proximal, lower distal, or upper gastrointestinal tract† (p. 403). The review by Rohlke and Stollman (2012) analyzed reports validating the factors of â€Å"donor selection, appropriate patient criteria, and the preparations and mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant delivery available to clinicians and patients† (p. 403). The internal validity of the research articles reviewed demonstrates moderate samples were randomly selected. The current literature validated the need for more randomized controlled studies to determine established guidelines for the implementation of fecal transplantation. Additionally, the treatment regimen for initial and chronic C-difficile with fecal transplantation is inexpensive and noted as extremely effective. The independent variable of the effectiveness of fecal transplantation for the treatment of C-difficile remained a consistent theme. The articles reviewed consistently reveal efficacy rates greater than 85%. The external validity of the study articles revealed fecal transplantation processes are varied in the process of which patients are treated, the donor selection criteria, donor screening protocols, and the methods of delivery. The outcomes of the results reported are moderately consistent; however, the ability to generalize a standardized treatment pathway is ambiguous and larger multi-organizational and multi-disciplinary studies are essential. Rex (2012) found the following: Several studies of fecal transplantation have demonstrated high cure rates. The latest and largest to date is a retrospective case series involving 70 patients in Finland (mean age, 73; 86% outpatients). Overall, 94% of these patients had symptom resolution during the first 12 weeks after transplantation, including 32 of the 36 infected with the O27 strain of C. ifficile and all 34 of those infected with other strains. No immediate complications occurred. (para. 1) Fecal transplantation in the treatment for C-difficile has proven to be highly successful in a limited number of studies. In determining if fecal transplantation should be the standard of treatment for C-difficile infection, larger controlled studies are required. Additionally, a standard process related to donor screening, implantation techniques, transplant follow-up, and regularly documenting patient outcomes are essential in establishing standardized fecal transplantation protocols.

buy custom Marijuana Legalization essay

buy custom Marijuana Legalization essay In many developed countries marijuana is illegal to trade, transfer, cultivate, or possess. In as much as no nation has been able to fully legalize marijuana, over 10 countries allow its cultivation or use in controlled quantities. The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is tolerated in an increasing number of countries such as Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Australia, and some states in America. Many nations have endorsed laws impacting the legality of marijuana, since the beginning of the 20th century. These laws have mainly concentrated on the transfer, possession, use, and cultivation of marijuana for recreational purposes. Most authorities have reduced the penalties for ownership of limited quantities of marijuana, so that marijuana related offenses are punishable by a fine and confiscation, as opposed to imprisonment. The punishments now concentrate on individuals who sell or traffic marijuana on the black market. Many drug courts and authorities have established treatment p rograms for frequent or young users, with their goal being to achieve freedom from drug use. The number of countries that allow marijuana use for medicinal purposes are few, in addition there are more restrictive changes being implemented in countries such as UK and Canada. Nevertheless, in some countries such as East Asia, being in possession of marijuana may result in long term jail sentences, and the sale of marijuana might even lead to life imprisonment or death penalty. This research paper addresses the history of the issue of marijuana legalization, arguments for its legalization, and arguments against its legalization. In the 19th century, medical practitioners use to sell the drug as tincture using the name cannabis. Cannabis was used by Queen Victoria to treat her menstrual pains, Sir John Reynolds, her personal physician, prescribed this drug for her and even went further to write about the advantages of marijuana in a medical journal. In an 1894, the government of India and the United Kingdom commissioned a report on the use of Indian hemp. The report was helpful in making the decision of whether to decriminalize the use of marijuana in both countries. By 1906, numerous states in the US began establishing regulations with regards to the sale of marijuana. In 1925, the exportation of Indian hemp was banned by the international opium convention to nations that had banned its use. The countries that imported marijuana were required to provide certificates which were essential in approving that the drug was only to be used for scientific or medicinal purposes. In 1937, the administration of F.D. Roosevelt came up with the first national law that made the possession of Marijuana illegal through an un-payable tax under the Marihuana tax act. The term marijuana is linked exclusively to the psychoactive use of the plant; it was popularized in English by the drug prohibitionists in America in the 1930s. These prohibitionists used the Mexican term marijuana so as to turn the public against the opinion that it should be legalized. The individuals who were against marijuana were oblivious of the fact that the drug was similar to cannabis indica, which was regarded as pharmaceutically safe. Nevertheless, some people support the legalization of marijuana by arguing that legalization will decrease crime, illegal trade, and will increase the revenue of government from taxes. For instance, marijuana is available in Canada as a palliative drug provided a patient has a medical prescription. In the United States, a mere 16% supported the legalization of t he drug in 1969. By 2005, the figure rose up by 20% to 36%, currently it is approximated that the figure is between 46% and 56%. Buy custom Marijuana Legalization essay